city_retrofit/venv/lib/python3.7/site-packages/scipy/HACKING.rst.txt

.. _hacking:

==================
Ways to Contribute
==================

This document aims to give an overview of the ways to contribute to SciPy.  It
tries to answer commonly asked questions and provide some insight into how the
community process works in practice.  Readers who are familiar with the SciPy
community and are experienced Python coders may want to jump straight to the
:ref:`contributor-toc`.

There are a lot of ways you can contribute:

- Contributing new code
- Fixing bugs, improving documentation, and other maintenance work
- Reviewing open pull requests
- Triaging issues
- Working on the `scipy.org`_ website
- Answering questions and participating on the scipy-dev and scipy-user
  `mailing lists`_.

Contributing new code
=====================

If you have been working with the scientific Python toolstack for a while, you
probably have some code lying around of which you think "this could be useful
for others too".  Perhaps it's a good idea then to contribute it to SciPy or
another open source project.  The first question to ask is then, where does
this code belong?  That question is hard to answer here, so we start with a
more specific one: *what code is suitable for putting into SciPy?*
Almost all of the new code added to SciPy has in common that it's potentially
useful in multiple scientific domains and it fits in the scope of existing
SciPy subpackages (see :ref:`deciding-on-new-features`).  In principle new
subpackages can be added too, but this is far less common.  For code that is
specific to a single application, there may be an existing project that can
use the code.  Some SciKits (`scikit-learn`_, `scikit-image`_, `statsmodels`_,
etc.) are good examples here; they have a narrower focus and because of that
more domain-specific code than SciPy.

Now if you have code that you would like to see included in SciPy, how do you
go about it?  After checking that your code can be distributed in SciPy under a
compatible license (see :ref:`license-considerations`), the first step is to
discuss on the scipy-dev mailing list.  All new features, as well as changes to
existing code, are discussed and decided on there.  You can, and probably
should, already start this discussion before your code is finished. Remember
that in order to be added to SciPy your code will need to be reviewed by
someone else, so try to find someone willing to review your work while you're
at it.

Assuming the outcome of the discussion on the mailing list is positive and you
have a function or piece of code that does what you need it to do, what next?
Before code is added to SciPy, it at least has to have good documentation, unit
tests, benchmarks, and correct code style.

1. Unit tests
    In principle you should aim to create unit tests that exercise all the code
    that you are adding.  This gives some degree of confidence that your code
    runs correctly, also on Python versions and hardware or OSes that you don't
    have available yourself.  An extensive description of how to write unit
    tests is given in :doc:`numpy:reference/testing`, and :ref:`runtests`
    documents how to run them.

2. Benchmarks
    Unit tests check for correct functionality; benchmarks measure code
    performance. Not all existing SciPy code has benchmarks, but it should:
    as SciPy grows it is increasingly important to monitor execution times in
    order to catch unexpected regressions. More information about writing
    and running benchmarks is available in :ref:`benchmarking-with-asv`.

3. Documentation
    Clear and complete documentation is essential in order for users to be able
    to find and understand the code.  Documentation for individual functions
    and classes -- which includes at least a basic description, type and
    meaning of all parameters and returns values, and usage examples in
    `doctest`_ format -- is put in docstrings.  Those docstrings can be read
    within the interpreter, and are compiled into a reference guide in html and
    pdf format.  Higher-level documentation for key (areas of) functionality is
    provided in tutorial format and/or in module docstrings.  A guide on how to
    write documentation is given in :ref:`numpy:howto-document`, and
    :ref:`rendering-documentation` explains how to preview the documentation
    as it will appear online.

4. Code style
    Uniformity of style in which code is written is important to others trying
    to understand the code.  SciPy follows the standard Python guidelines for
    code style, `PEP8`_.  In order to check that your code conforms to PEP8,
    you can use the `pep8 package`_ style checker.  Most IDEs and text editors
    have settings that can help you follow PEP8, for example by translating
    tabs by four spaces.  Using `pyflakes`_ to check your code is also a good
    idea. More information is available in :ref:`pep8-scipy`.

A :ref:`checklist<pr-checklist>`, including these and other requirements, is
available at the end of the example :ref:`development-workflow`.

Another question you may have is: *where exactly do I put my code*?  To answer
this, it is useful to understand how the SciPy public API (application
programming interface) is defined.  For most modules the API is two levels
deep, which means your new function should appear as
``scipy.subpackage.my_new_func``.  ``my_new_func`` can be put in an existing or
new file under ``/scipy/<subpackage>/``, its name is added to the ``__all__``
list in that file (which lists all public functions in the file), and those
public functions are then imported in  ``/scipy/<subpackage>/__init__.py``.  Any
private functions/classes should have a leading underscore (``_``) in their
name.  A more detailed description of what the public API of SciPy is, is given
in :ref:`scipy-api`.

Once you think your code is ready for inclusion in SciPy, you can send a pull
request (PR) on Github.  We won't go into the details of how to work with git
here, this is described well in :ref:`git-development`
and on the `Github help pages`_.  When you send the PR for a new
feature, be sure to also mention this on the scipy-dev mailing list.  This can
prompt interested people to help review your PR.  Assuming that you already got
positive feedback before on the general idea of your code/feature, the purpose
of the code review is to ensure that the code is correct, efficient and meets
the requirements outlined above.  In many cases the code review happens
relatively quickly, but it's possible that it stalls.  If you have addressed
all feedback already given, it's perfectly fine to ask on the mailing list
again for review (after a reasonable amount of time, say a couple of weeks, has
passed).  Once the review is completed, the PR is merged into the "master"
branch of SciPy.

The above describes the requirements and process for adding code to SciPy.  It
doesn't yet answer the question though how decisions are made exactly.  The
basic answer is: decisions are made by consensus, by everyone who chooses to
participate in the discussion on the mailing list.  This includes developers,
other users and yourself.  Aiming for consensus in the discussion is important
-- SciPy is a project by and for the scientific Python community.  In those
rare cases that agreement cannot be reached, the maintainers of the module
in question can decide the issue.

.. _license-considerations:

License Considerations
----------------------

*I based my code on existing Matlab/R/... code I found online, is this OK?*

It depends.  SciPy is distributed under a BSD license, so if the code that you
based your code on is also BSD licensed or has a BSD-compatible license (e.g.
MIT, PSF) then it's OK.  Code which is GPL or Apache licensed, has no
clear license, requires citation or is free for academic use only can't be
included in SciPy.  Therefore if you copied existing code with such a license
or made a direct translation to Python of it, your code can't be included.
If you're unsure, please ask on the scipy-dev `mailing list <mailing lists>`_.

*Why is SciPy under the BSD license and not, say, the GPL?*

Like Python, SciPy uses a "permissive" open source license, which allows
proprietary re-use. While this allows companies to use and modify the software
without giving anything back, it is felt that the larger user base results in
more contributions overall, and companies often publish their modifications
anyway, without being required to.  See John Hunter's `BSD pitch`_.

For more information about SciPy's license, see :ref:`scipy-licensing`.


Maintaining existing code
=========================

The previous section talked specifically about adding new functionality to
SciPy.  A large part of that discussion also applies to maintenance of existing
code.  Maintenance means fixing bugs, improving code quality, documenting
existing functionality better, adding missing unit tests, adding performance
benchmarks, keeping build scripts up-to-date, etc.  The SciPy `issue list`_
contains all reported bugs, build/documentation issues, etc.  Fixing issues
helps improve the overall quality of SciPy, and is also a good way
of getting familiar with the project.  You may also want to fix a bug because
you ran into it and need the function in question to work correctly.

The discussion on code style and unit testing above applies equally to bug
fixes.  It is usually best to start by writing a unit test that shows the
problem, i.e. it should pass but doesn't.  Once you have that, you can fix the
code so that the test does pass.  That should be enough to send a PR for this
issue.  Unlike when adding new code, discussing this on the mailing list may
not be necessary - if the old behavior of the code is clearly incorrect, no one
will object to having it fixed.  It may be necessary to add some warning or
deprecation message for the changed behavior.  This should be part of the
review process.

.. note::

  Pull requests that *only* change code style, e.g. fixing some PEP8 issues in
  a file, are discouraged. Such PRs are often not worth cluttering the git
  annotate history, and take reviewer time that may be better spent in other ways.
  Code style cleanups of code that is touched as part of a functional change
  are fine however.


Reviewing pull requests
=======================

Reviewing open pull requests (PRs) is very welcome, and a valuable way to help
increase the speed at which the project moves forward.  If you have specific
knowledge/experience in a particular area (say "optimization algorithms" or
"special functions") then reviewing PRs in that area is especially valuable -
sometimes PRs with technical code have to wait for a long time to get merged
due to a shortage of appropriate reviewers.

We encourage everyone to get involved in the review process; it's also a
great way to get familiar with the code base.  Reviewers should ask
themselves some or all of the following questions:

- Was this change adequately discussed (relevant for new features and changes
  in existing behavior)?
- Is the feature scientifically sound? Algorithms may be known to work based on
  literature; otherwise, closer look at correctness is valuable.
- Is the intended behavior clear under all conditions (e.g. unexpected inputs
  like empty arrays or nan/inf values)?
- Does the code meet the quality, test and documentation expectation outline
  under `Contributing new code`_?

If we do not know you yet, consider introducing yourself.


Other ways to contribute
========================

There are many ways to contribute other than writing code.

Triaging issues (investigating bug reports for validity and possible actions to
take) is also a useful activity.  SciPy has many hundreds of open issues;
closing invalid ones and correctly labeling valid ones (ideally with some first
thoughts in a comment) allows prioritizing maintenance work and finding related
issues easily when working on an existing function or subpackage.

Participating in discussions on the scipy-user and scipy-dev `mailing lists`_ is
a contribution in itself.  Everyone who writes to those lists with a problem or
an idea would like to get responses, and writing such responses makes the
project and community function better and appear more welcoming.

The `scipy.org`_ website contains a lot of information on both SciPy the
project and SciPy the community, and it can always use a new pair of hands.
The sources for the website live in their own separate repo:
https://github.com/scipy/scipy.org

Getting started
===============

Thanks for your interest in contributing to SciPy! If you're interested in
contributing code, we hope you'll continue on to the :ref:`contributor-toc`
for details on how to set up your development environment, implement your
improvements, and submit your first PR!

.. _scikit-learn: http://scikit-learn.org

.. _scikit-image: http://scikit-image.org/

.. _statsmodels: https://www.statsmodels.org/

.. _testing guidelines: https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/testing.html

.. _formatted correctly: https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/dev/gitwash/development_workflow.html#writing-the-commit-message

.. _bug report: https://scipy.org/bug-report.html

.. _PEP8: https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008/

.. _pep8 package: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pep8

.. _pyflakes: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pyflakes

.. _Github help pages: https://help.github.com/articles/set-up-git/

.. _issue list: https://github.com/scipy/scipy/issues

.. _Github: https://github.com/scipy/scipy

.. _scipy.org: https://scipy.org/

.. _scipy.github.com: https://scipy.github.com/

.. _scipy.org-new: https://github.com/scipy/scipy.org-new

.. _documentation wiki: https://docs.scipy.org/scipy/Front%20Page/

.. _SciPy Central: https://web.archive.org/web/20170520065729/http://central.scipy.org/

.. _doctest: https://pymotw.com/3/doctest/

.. _virtualenv: https://virtualenv.pypa.io/

.. _virtualenvwrapper: https://bitbucket.org/dhellmann/virtualenvwrapper/

.. _bsd pitch: http://nipy.sourceforge.net/nipy/stable/faq/johns_bsd_pitch.html

.. _Pytest: https://pytest.org/

.. _mailing lists: https://www.scipy.org/scipylib/mailing-lists.html

.. _Spyder: https://www.spyder-ide.org/

.. _Anaconda SciPy Dev Part I (macOS): https://youtu.be/1rPOSNd0ULI

.. _Anaconda SciPy Dev Part II (macOS): https://youtu.be/Faz29u5xIZc

.. _SciPy Development Workflow: https://youtu.be/HgU01gJbzMY